AIDS/HIV Essay - 2283 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles and syringes, mother to child (perinatal) and contaminated blood product (National Association of Health Authorities, 1988). 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Late HIV diagnosis remains a major problem among black Africans in England. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late (HPA, 2008a). This compromises their survival chances because evidence indicates that starting treatment with a CD4 cell count below 200 copies/mm3 (a measure of the degree to which an individual’s immune system is compromised) increases the risk of disease progression and death (Gazzard, 2008). The†¦show more content†¦In 2007, there were 2,691 new HIV diagnoses among black Africans, representing 40% of all new diagnoses in the UK (HPA 2008c). The majority had acquired their infection heterosexually and in Africa. The number of new diagnoses among black Caribbeans remained low (189 in 2007), representing 3% of new diagnoses in 2007 (HPA 2008c). The percentage of late diagnoses, that is after a point when treatment should have begun, among new diagnoses of HIV in 2007 was highest among black Africans (42%). Twe nty-seven percent of HIV diagnoses among black Caribbeans were late. The worldwide HIV outbreak continues to impact negatively on African communities in the UK. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most severely affected by the HIV pandemic; as a result, immigrants from sub-Saharan African countries constitute an increasingly large group of those affected by HIV in the UK (Sinka, et al., 2003; UNAIDS, 2006; HPA, 2007). In the UK, African immigrants make up 36% of those living with HIV (12,558 out of 34,689) despite the fact that they constitute less than 1% of the population (Morris, 2008; HPA, 2009). As part of its continued investigation into the HIV/AIDS epidemic, in 2005 The Guardian newspaper looked at the impact of HIV/AIDS on African communities in the UK and stated the following shocking conclusions: If you are black, African and living in the UK, you are 50 times more likely to be HIV positive than any otherShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is the major ongoing issue attacking sub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this syndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDSRead MoreAids : Hiv / Aids Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Kennedy United States HIV/AIDS Part 1: Background of Topic: What became later known as aids was detected in West Africa when scientists identified a species of chimpanzees that had a version of this virus in their immune system. They later found out that the disease was transmitted to humans and created into HIV when people hunted these animals for food and came in contact with their infected blood. Decade after decade this illness swooped over Africa like a blanket and began to spread toRead MoreHiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay924 Words   |  4 Pages2.1 HIV/AIDS HIV is a latent virus that attacks and compromises the immune system and exposes the body to diseases and infections. AIDS is a disease of the immune system caused by a retrovirus known as HIV that makes the individual highly vulnerable to life threatening infections and diseases such as TB (FANTA, 2004). 2.1.1 TRANSMISSION OF HIV According to FANTA, there are three primary routes of HIV transmission; 1) Unprotected sex with a person carrying the HIV virus. 2) Transfusion of contaminatedRead MoreHiv Aids And Hiv And Aids1246 Words   |  5 Pages HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Avert). It is virus that attacks the immune system, our body’s defense against disease (Avert). Individuals who become infected with HIV will find it harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/ syringes, fromRead MoreHiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids2900 Words   |  12 PagesGlobal Health AI Global Fund Project Assignment #7 Country: Uganda Disease: HIV/AIDS 1.) Provide a brief introduction to your overall plan and strategy for this proposal. Uganda used to be one of the most prevalent cases of HIV with around 18.5% being infected in 1992 to its lowest rate of 6.4% in 2005 . Even though the HIV rate is increasing at certain rates amongst adults Uganda has done a good job of keeping the HIV prevalence at a generalized rate. This stems from Uganda recovering from numerousRead MoreHiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesWe Live In: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS has been named a global epidemic because of its many outbreaks around the world. This is not happening on one state, but it is happening in every state and country you could name. It has been a major cause of death in the world, which results in the situation becoming a public health concern. It poses a risk to future generations. The most affected generation being the most active age group, which are the younger ones who are not protecting themselves. HIV is short forRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1532 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)? AIDS is the disease that an individual with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) has a chance of getting when their immune system becomes so damaged, opening up the body to many different illnesses. According to medical research not everyone who has HIV will in fact be advance to the final stage of the disease, especially when caught and treated early on. For someone to be diagnosed with AIDS typically they would have contracted an infectionRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids892 Words   |  4 PagesSince the nineteen hundreds, Africa coped with countless problems related to HIV and AIDS. Anthropologists, scientists, doctors, and psychologists discussed theories related to the issues presented by HIV/AIDS. Researchers study the effects of poverty, polygamy, geography, and social relationships on HIV/AIDS. One of the prevalent theories on how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) spread is through the increase of sex workers in Afric a. An increase in sex work correlates to an increase in povertyRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids892 Words   |  4 PagesHIV/AIDS is a virus that has been going around for many years. Most people do not really know what HIV stands for. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks the part of your body that fights disease better known as the immune system. The virus makes the immune system shut down and stop working. The immune system shutting down is the worst part about HIV not having any signs or symptoms to notify you of the virus is the worst part. Most people that have HIV looks health and only knewRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1484 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it diffic ult for the body to fight infections. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus is a multistage disease and AIDS is the most advanced

The Social Construction Of Race - 1242 Words

At the turn of the 20th century, much of American society was dominated by perceived ideologies embedded in the scientific studies. One of the leading fields of study at the time was eugenics. Scientists believed that by analyzing the works of Mendel and his contemporaries, researchers could effectively weed out humanity’s most undesirable traits (Norrgard, 2008). In a noble quest to alleviate genetic flaws the inadvertent perversion of ideas became the foundation for what appears to be the social construction of race. Somewhere along the lines, eugenics became more about isolating certain human characteristics, like skin color, and relegating them to a hierarchy of societal importance (Norrgard, 2008). Race is simply defined as a pattern-based concept that allows for the general public to draw conclusions based on an individual’s geographical location and thereby predetermining their inclusion into a particular social group (Yudell, et al., 2016) The philosophies embed ded in social ideas about race has long been at the heart of contentious discussions throughout the last century. It has led to individualized implicit personality theories by which people tend to link certain attributes together because of an apparent frequency in a particular racial group (Greene Heilbrun, 2015). Even as claims of society’s progressiveness and advancements pour in, the fires burning from racial debates have yet to be extinguished (Yudell, et al., 2016). Not only has the socialShow MoreRelatedRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlisha Sparks Dr. Stanley POLS 24 November 2015 Race as a Social Construction When we talk about race, what are we really talking about? The issue of race is a complex issue, with socially ambiguous undertones that have plagued our society for decades. Race has been a marker and maker of stereotypes. Race has been used as a justification for injustice. Whether slavery, Japanese internment, or social and economic exclusion, race has given an avenue for those in power to exclude ones deemed ‘other’Read MoreRace As A Social Construction822 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is race? The term race is difficult to define as a result of the belief that it is â€Å"racist† to talk about race. Although how do we know what race is if we do not discuss it within society. After much thought I defined race as an individual’s background that may be used to describe their ancestor’s demographics as well as their religion. However, today people tend to put more emphasis on race being the color of an individual’s skin. As discussed in class s ociety does not understand what race is,Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1743 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Social Construction of Race, Ian F. Haney Lopez defines race as a social construct that is constantly changing its meaning due to the fickle nature of society. Lopez believes that this fickleness stems from a social climate formed by a variety of factors such as human economic interest, current events, and ideology. There are certain racial definitions however, that have remained mostly the same despite efforts to bring attention to the offensiveness and immorality of such discriminatory thinkingRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstupid immoral, diseased, lazy, incompetent, and dangerous to the white man’s virtue and social order â€Å"(p.181). Blackness have become objectified in public spaces, they are view as a threat on the street of Toronto, surrounding areas and even in the criminal justice system. In fact this negative stere otype of criminalization have put Black males under scrutiny and constant surveillance. The social construction of race by the dominant belief system are still embedded in society that capitalized on minoritiesRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race2146 Words   |  9 PagesAbadjivor AFAS 304B Professor Machibya 30 March 2015 The Social Construction of Race The underlying characteristic of race concepts is found in its use of phenotypes and physical differences in order to gain an understanding of why there are different people that exist in the world. These differences have been used in understanding the behaviors, intellect, and the value of humans through connecting different characteristics to different classified races. Using phenotypical differences to understand certainRead MoreRace As A Social Construction966 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a concept only existing in societies with systems of oppression based on social racism. In chapter eleven: Inequality, they discuss how, â€Å"There is nothing intrinsic about, for example, any racial or ethnic group that makes it distinct from any other; race and ethnicity are dynamic, fluid categories that are socially defined†(Ritzer). The oppression of â€Å"superior† groups demonstrates on â€Å"inferior† groups is one consequence of race as a social construction, whic h is to have one’s identity reducedRead MoreRace Is A Social Construction1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term â€Å"race† should not be used. Scholars and others argue that the term â€Å"race† should not be used because there is no biological basis for the concept of race. Geneticists have determined that code for physical traits (the key distinguishing characteristic for â€Å"race†) are inherited independently of one another. Any attempts there have been to define race based on genes are futile, because there is no set of genes that everyone within the â€Å"race† has. Scholars argue that race is a social constructionRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1867 Words   |  8 PagesThere is perhaps no bigger and more expansive social construction known to man than the construction of race. In earlier times race meant a tie to national origin, Greek race, Roman race, etc. race underwent a big change in meaning to it’s more contemporary form to distinguish biological differences of physical features and skin color (Wiegman 157). Film and television in this century and the twentieth century have aided and perpetuated stereotypes of race. These stereotypes have been most associatedRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Humor to Poke Fun at the Social Construction of Class: Illustrated in the Film The Jerk through Navin Johnson Money does not last forever. All the money in the world can become the reason why people change their personality and behavior. In the film The Jerk by Carl Reiner, a complete moron struggles to make it through life on his own, until a bizarre invention makes him unbelievably a wealthy man. Navin grew up in Mississippi as an adopted son of a black family, but on his birthday

Corporate Social Responsibility And How Companies Like...

In this week’s journal, the discussion focuses on corporate social responsibility and how companies like Citibank, N.A. are managing to navigate its organizational culture to fully embrace it. In addition, we will discuss potential right versus right as well as right versus wrong scenarios that could emerge under my leadership. I worked for ten years and have written about various aspects of the organization for several courses. Therefore, my knowledge of Citi’s performance and history continues to expand. Citi is quite adept at communicating its goals, vison and mission to its employees as well as clients. All of which are considered stakeholders. Proponents and critics of corporate social responsibility recognize its relevancy and†¦show more content†¦In the case of Citibank (aka Citi), corporate social responsibility is driving responsibility of its 2014 stakeholder engagement process. Citibank refers to it as its Citizenship policies and programs (Citigroup, 2015).In the Citi Global Citizenship Report 2014; CEO Mike Corbat shared his view on Citizenship. According to Corbat, â€Å"given the pace and scale of global challenges and opportunities, from providing access to basic banking services for the two billion people who lack it, to training the workforce of tomorrow, Citi has a unique capacity to support economic progress in the communities where we operate around the world’ (Citigroup, 2015, p.5). Founded within this three element collective (invest, partner and act), there are five target areas; economies, cities, sustainable growth, people and integrity (p.4). Citi identifies eight main groups as its s takeholders; clients and customers, investors and Socially Responsible Investors (SRIs), employees, government and regulators, suppliers, nongovernmental organizations, media and other financial institutions (p.70). For this discussion, we will focus on four stakeholders. Clients. Clients and customers are essential to Citi’s success. Citi considers its clients and customers as partners. They help to drive the business and client engagement. By actively engaging its customers via social media and customer satisfaction surveys, Citi is working to rebuild

Internet-the death of newspaper free essay sample

Newspapers were considered an important object of modern civilization. It is the first most commonly accepted invention containing the record of the current events. Newspaper started to get more popular after the invention of the printing press by Guttenberg. The India Gazette is the first newspaper in India. It was published in 1744 and from that; the circulation of news paper has increased. Newspapers are of 2 types: Morning edition and evening edition papers. The news about the previous day will be available in the morning edition newspaper. Evening edition newspapers provide news about events that had happened from the morning till the noon. Newspapers provide news about sports, films, share market, matrimonial and opportunities also. , Newspapers fulfilled a wide variety of other roles too, offering public notices of every description plus opinions, games (like crossword puzzles), weather forecasts, arts reviews, advertisements, classifieds, calendar of events and even serialized fiction. Newspaper was considered as a means of voicing the public opinion. Various forms of news are published in the news paper. All kinds of people started to read it. Professionals like Lawyers got to know about the cases of social and political injustice through newspaper. News papers paved way for the lawyers to express their opinion about those cases of injustice. Businessmen read newspapers to gather information about trade and commerce in the country and abroad. Students and teachers also get benefited by reading newspapers. Newspaper serves as a means of teaching and learning. They provided information about various educational topics. Politicians also find newspapers very useful as they act as a medium for conveying their political ideas to the masses. In olden days, the newspapers influenced the people to be united to fight for independence. News papers also publish news about corruption or about the crime which has occurred. The police become active and takes necessary actions soon in response to the news published in the news paper. The Government also pays attention to the news in the newspaper. Newspapers act as a strong opposition in strengthening democracy. In case of public grievances; the Government sincerely tries to redress them. There are editors who get bribed to write the wrong things. Very often, true and honest reporters are tortured, insulted, terrorised and often killed by antisocial. There are also cases where newspapers are set to fire before they reach the readers. Freedom of press started to deteriorate. Newspapers hold a near monopoly on the delivery of information about events in the world, the nation and local communities. Thus, newspapers; which was considered to be the indispensable, all-purpose information source for educated citizens can’t be thought about in that aspect anymore. Instead, it applies to the Internet. Internet: Internet can be reckoned as the latest discovery of man which has revolutionised his style of working and living. It has totally reduced distance, broken all man-made barriers and made our world a small place. It brought information at our doorstep opening before us what is known as ‘Information Superhighway’ at the click of a button. Real Internet operation began in 1969 when United State’s military used it for the first time. By 1980s it became a tool in the hand of academic researchers and Universities. It was only in the 1990s that Internet was thrown open to the public. Today every nook and corner of the world is connected through the Internet. Anyone who has a computer, a telephone line and a modem can access Internet. This era is an era of internet. Internet crashed like a tsunami across entire industries, sweeping away its impact on all the industries. News paper industry is also one such industry which has gone through a tough phase due the birth of internets. The greatest merit of Internet over newspaper is that it opens a world of information at the press of a key. It helps to gather information from storage areas of the servers called websites. Today we can get any information on any topic in a matter of seconds. In this advanced and technological society, if individuals need news immediately, there is less of a likelihood that the news hungry public will wait for the next days paper. Rather, people prefer to tune into a 24 hours news station. The channels like CNN, NDTV and FOX provide up to date news to the public. They provide flash news as a crawl at the bottom of the TV channel. Moreover these news channels also have their online sites where people need to just register for receiving breaking news alerts. Due to these timely updates, subscriptions to newspapers have also been affected. So many people have started to get their news from the internet now. The number of subscribers to newspapers has dropped down also due to free service provided by these online sites. Internet has improved our communication system. It has provided an exciting and easy mode of communication known as E-Mail (Electronic Mailing system). Today we can send letters and emails to anyone living in any part of the world just by clicking a few buttons on our computer and that too at an extremely cheap rate. Not only letters can be Send but, we can also chat with our near and dear ones, see them before our eyes just sitting in our room. Internet has made communication, highly fast, cheap, safe, and least cumbersome. With the help of internet, people are able to voice their views through social networking sites. People post their comments and suggestions about any rule issued by the government or address about any social issues frankly. People have started to become more conscious and have begun to actively participate in all social activities like rally, strike etc. Social networking sites like facebook, orkut help us to spread information about these activities in a shorter duration of time. Thus, Internet has the power of creating awareness among public in a shorter span of time than the News papers. Despite reports that have predicted the complete death of the newspaper business, a new study suggests that the pull of the internet as a news gathering source still pales in comparison to the newspapers. The study notes that the percentage of people who rely on a newspaper for their daily news has remained steady for the past two years, following a decline earlier in the decade. All the myriad roles that the newspapers played are each handled by separate organizations online Game sites offer games, Weather sites offer weather forecast details, Craigslist and other such sites offer classifieds, Advertising networks sell and place the ads, and so on. Internet’s educative and entertainment value is also very great. Internet has also widened business opportunities. You can advertise your goods and products in the internet as well as seek jobs, place orders, meet with business magnates, attend international business conferences, deal with stock market, buy and exchange currencies, transact bank business, etc. , and this is known as electronic commerce or E-Commerce. Earlier, when news information was only available in printed format; readers had to process the news themselves. An average reader could read an article and note important points. It is a time consuming process. In a fast moving world, people don’t have time to read the news completely. Online news channels lists down the main points of the article at the beginning. Thus, internet news has helped the busy scheduled individuals in processing a lengthy written news article at a shorter span of time. The size of newspapers in terms of number of pages has been growing steadily but the amount of valuable information contained per reader has been steadily declined. But as the newspaper companies have become too dependent on the advertisement revenue, they have lost sight of the need to deliver value to the customer. Thus with the growth of internet the number of newspaper readers has decreased and caused death of newspapers. However, the information provided in the internet is not 100% reliable. There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage. Thousands of youth use internet to view unwanted things. Once they start to surf something, they don’t come out soon. Lot of time is wasted on browsing. There are a lot of cheater sites available online where people can buy essays or cut, copy, paste the available information and claim it to be their own creation. These types of sites have reduced the creative thinking capability of people. In contrast, reading news paper allows readers to improve reading skills, increase English vocabulary, enhances writing skills and allows us to expand creative knowledge. Thus reading newspapers every day must be encouraged. Despite reports that have predicted the complete death of the newspaper business, a new study suggests that the pull of the internet as a news gathering source still pales in comparison to the newspapers. The study notes that the percentage of people who rely on a newspaper for their daily news has remained steady for the past two years, following a decline earlier in the decade. There are a section of people who still read newspaper everyday early in the morning with a cup of coffee. They consider it as a habit and continue to follow it even now. Thus, the birth of internet has caused downfall to the newspapers but can never bury it completely. Newspaper will continue to survive in par with the internet.